Spain - Early West European 5G-Adopter
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References Spain (All links opens in new window):
EXCESS MORTALITY Rate - SPAIN
Human Mortality Database (2024); World Mortality Dataset (2024); Karlinsky and Kobak (2021); Human Mortality Database (2024); World Mortality Database (2024) – processed by Our World in Data,
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/excess-mortality-p-scores-average-baseline?country=~ESP
Denis G. Rancourt, Joseph Hickey, Christian Linard «Spatiotemporal variation of excess all-cause mortality in the world (125 countries) during the Covid period 2020-2023 regarding socio-economic factors and public-health and medical interventions» Correlation Research in the Public Interest, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (correlation report, page 365), Jul 19. 2024 (Aug 12. 2024),
https://correlation-canada.org/covid-excess-mortality-125-countries
EMRate - All Countries: EMRate-West (Apr 18, 2025) - - - EMRate-East (Jun 22, 2025)
Es-extra - Ministry of Energy, Tourism, and Digital Agenda «Spain 5G National Plan (2018-2020)» Digiwatch (news article), (Jul. 2017),
https://dig.watch/resource/spain-5g-national-plan-2018-2020
Es-1 - Plokiko «Vodafone first operator to connect 5G phones to live network This was the deployment of 4G and what we can expect it will take for 5G to reach the bulk of the Spanish population» xatakamovil (press release), Jun 17, 2019 (Jan 17. 2025), https://www.xatakamovil.com/mercado/asi-fue-despliegue-4g-que-podemos-esperar-que-tardara-5g-llegar-al-grueso-poblacion-espanola
Es-2 - «Eight out of ten 5G pilot projects in Europe have Spanish participation» it user (news article), Oct 23, 2019 (Jan 17. 2025),
https://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-06/15/c_138146288.htm
Es-3 - Xinhua «Vodafone launches first 5G network in spain in cooperation with Huawei» news.cn (news article), Jun 15, 2019 (Jun 3. 2026),
https://www.rcrwireless.com/20200106/5g/italian-telcos-get-ready-reach-more-cities-5g-2020
Es-4 - «Pioneering 5G Trials Take Place In Spain» Vodafone (press release), Feb 17, 2020 (Jun 3. 2026),
https://www.vodafone.com/news/newsroom/digital-society/pioneering-5g-trials-take-place-in-spain
Es-5 - «The 5G pilot projects that have placed Spain at the forefront of Europe in this technology» digitales (blog), Apr 28, 2020 (Jan 17. 2025),
https://www.digitales.es/en/blog-post/the-5g-pilot-projects-that-have-placed-spain-at-the-forefront-of-europe-in-this-technology/
Es-6 - «Example: Spain» European Parliment Research Service (press release), (Jan 17. 2025),
https://map.sciencemediahub.eu/5g#p=36
References International (All links opens in new window):
CHINA – Military Olympics and 5G
1 - SUMOC Executive Committe «7th CISM World Summer Games Wuhan 2019» CISM International Military Sports Council (publication), (Jul 7. 2025),
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Military_World_Games
2 - «2019 Military World Games» Wikipedia (web page), (Jun 1. 2026),
https://www.milsport.one/news/cism-partners/china-mobile-becomes-the-partner-of-the-7th-cism-world-summer-games-wuhan-2019
3 - Li Xia «Wuhan Military World Games breaks records with new elements» Xinhuanet (news article), Oct 18, 2019 (Jun 1. 2026),
https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5248329-us-service-members-covid-19-symptoms/
4 - Yurou «Central China province launches commercial 5G applications» Xinhuanet (news article), Oct 31, 2019 (Aug 29. 2025),
http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/31/c_138517734.htm
CHINA – US C-19
4-C19 - Sarah Fortinsky «7 US service members had ‘COVID-19-like symptoms’ after 2019 Wuhan games: Pentagon report» The Hill (news article), Apr 14, 2025 (Jul 7. 2025),
https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5248329-us-service-members-covid-19-symptoms/ PANDEMIC Simulation
INTERNATIONAL PANDEMIC SIMULATION
5 - Kirsten Salyer «Live Simulation Exercise to Prepare Public and Private Leaders for Pandemic Response» World Economic Forum (Press release), Oct 15. 2019 (Aug 29. 2025),
https://www.weforum.org/press/2019/10/live-simulation-exercise-to-prepare-public-and-private-leaders-for-pandemic-response/
NO DEVICES
6a - Madhurima Nag «Best 5G phones to buy in 2020» World Population Review (news article), Feb 3. 2020 (Feb 24. 2025),
https://thegadgetflow.com/blog/best-5g-phones-2020/
6b - Zaffareen Khan «5G Sunrise over Switzerland» Operator Watch (news article, blog), Mar 2. 2020 (Jan 17. 2025),
https://www.operatorwatch.com/2020/03/5g-sunrise-over-switzerland.html
GATES Foundation - C-19
7 - «Colloborating against Covid-19: a timeline» Gates Foundation (press release), (Aug 29. 2025),
https://www.gatesfoundation.org/ideas/a-timeline-of-gates-foundations-fight-against-covid-19
ICNIRP- 5G REGULATIONS - Mar 11. 2020
8 - ICNIRP - 5G «New Guidelines Released by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)» International Commission on NON-Ionizing Radiation Protection (press release), Mar 11, 2020 (May 27. 2026), https://www.icnirp.org/cms/upload/presentations/ICNIRP_Media_Release_110320.pdf
95 5G DEVICES - Apr 14. 2020
9 - «5G Devices April 2020: Global Ecosystem» Global mobile Suppliers Association “GSA” (report), Apr 21. 2020 (Feb 24. 2025),
https://gsacom.com/paper/5g-devices-april-2020-global-ecosystem/
WHO - Declares C-19 PANDEMIC - Mar 11. 2020
10 - WHO - C-19 «WHO Director-General´s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020» World Health Organization (press release), May 18, 2020 (May 27. 2026),
https://www.who.int/news-room/speeches/item/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
5G - FIRST PHASE
11 – 5G FIRST PHASE SUMMERIZE Editorial «What Is 5G? Where Is 5G Network Right Now?» robotics biz (press release), Mar 11, 2020 (Sep 10. 2025),
https://roboticsbiz.com/what-is-5g-where-is-5g-right-now/
EXTRAS
May 12. 2020 - Vodafone brings 5G to six new cities and will maintain its deployment plans despite Covid-19
https://www.europapress.es/economia/noticia-vodafone-lleva-5g-seis-nuevas-ciudades-mantendra-planes-despliegue-pese-covid-19-20200512144609.html
Sep 3. 2020 - Telefónica deploys 5G in Spain; 3G shutdown expected by 2025
https://www.fierce-network.com/5g/telefonica-deploys-5g-spain-3g-shut-down-expected-by-2025